The science behind Yvana Hahn
Get to know to know our star ingredient, chlorine dioxide
What Exactly is Chlorine Dioxide?
And How Does It Work?
Chlorine dioxide—not to be mistaken with chlorine—is a yellowish-green gas that rapidly decomposes when in contact with the air but remains a true gas at room temperature and a dissolved gas in a solution. Due to its high reactivity and its ability to work under a wide pH range, it remains an extremely versatile chemical with powerful antimicrobial properties and deodorizing capabilities with just small quantities. This basically means that less is more when it comes to using chlorine dioxide in comparison to other similar types of disinfecting chemicals. You don't need much to pack a punch.
Its unstable nature typically requires it to be produced on-site at industrial facilities for immediate use under strict guidelines in order to avoid dangerous levels of exposure to the general public. But, with a considerable amount of research & design, we've now made this chemical available to the baseline consumer in a cosmetically elegant way, to be used within the home, public spaces, or wherever you are on a day-to-day basis.
*WHO: World Health Organization
1st generation
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)
2nd generation
Ethylene oxide (C₂H₄O)
3rd generation
Glutaraldehyde (C₅H₈O)
How does it differ from chlorine?
Chlorine, sodium hypochlorite (bleach), and hypochlorous acid (elctrolyzed water) tend to generate cancer causing by-products such as THMs*, HAAs*, and chloramine after disinfection without the same effectiveness at killing pathogens as chlorine dioxide. Chlorine dioxide, especially at the level needed for effectiveness, produces fewer disinfecting byproducts (DBPs), and decomposes into chlorite, chlorate, and chloride—a human safe ion such as of that in table salt. (Note: chlorite and chlorate can pose health risks, however, at low and monitored chlorine dioxide concentrations, the levels are well within safety limits!)
Chlorine dioxide, in low concentrations, is harmless to humans while still capable of killing and inactivating viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens. It rapidly breaks down, long enough to inactivate the pathogenic material, but not long enough to penetrate deeply into living tissue. Basically, it's gentle but effective on the skin at the appropriate concentrations!
chlorine vs chlorine dioxide (typically in water treatment)
Our active ingredient
Newgyne®
All Yvana Hahn® products contain a specially formulated Chlorine Dioxide, Newgyne®, as the active ingredient. All ingredients are water soluble salts of food and medicinal grade (USP grade), which can be metabolized quickly without causing any harm to multicellular organisms like humans and pets.
Yvana Hahn® products are highly efficacious with a broad spectrum of applications—perfect for antimicrobial, antiseptic, and deodorizing
purposes.
Local Applications
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Free returns within 30 days, no questions asked. We believe in our products and we stand behind them. We will return any of our items within 30 days just mail them back with your purchase receipt.
Textiles
Clothing articles like socks and undergarments tend to emit the strongest odors and harbor an exceptional amount of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Fecal bacteria, for example, is commonly found in the undergarments of children and adults and can multiply if left in a hamper. Clothes have been linked to the transmission of fungi related to the skin and nails. Shared bathroom towels have also been shown to spread hepatitis B, a blood-borne pathogen. Some of these pathogenic bacteria can even survive laundering conditions (e.g. coliform bacteria on bath and face towels); proper laundering of these items, including pre-laundry disinfection, can thus help to prevent the production of odors and control illness-causing microbes. Chlorine dioxide functions both as a deodorizer and a disinfectant and can eliminate lingering, offensive odors and harmful pathogens more effectively than bleach without the production of toxic by-products. Bleach (or chlorine) is much more corrosive and irritating—especially because chlorine. dioxide requires only a small, non-toxic amount to be effective—and reacts extremely dangerously with other household cleaners (e.g., ammonia, which is commonly used in laundry). Yvana Hahn Newgyne® solution is an effective chlorine dioxide-based solution that is FDA and EPA approved and safe for at-home laundry application.
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Chlorine dioxide as an oral cleanse is as effective as common, established mouthwashes and acts as an oxidizing biocide that removes unpleasant tastes in the mouth, minimizes oral bacteria, reduces volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in the mouth, and prevents bad breath, dental plaque, tooth decay, gum disease, and mouth ulcers. If you have oral malodor, like bad morning breath or chronic oral malodor caused by oral diseases and the accumulation of food debris and plaque from poor oral hygiene, using chlorine dioxide to rinse your mouth can provide relief and prevent halitosis development. Chlorine dioxide is effective against oral diseases such as gingivitis (gum inflammation) and periodontitis (gum diseases) as well as oral malodors caused by xerostomia (dryness of the mouth) and wearing dentures.
Chlorine dioxide is also great for those with dental implants who must exercise a strict oral hygiene regimen to prevent the formation of biofilm buildup, which can be hard to access and remove with traditional oral hygiene products, and peri-implant disease.
Chlorine dioxide's effectiveness against fungi makes it ideal for treatingfungus-infected nails (onychomycosis) and athlete's foot. Our bodies allow the proliferation of these fungi without having an immune response to suppress them, and antifungal compounds typically don't have the capability to penetrate the nail bed to kill the fungus at the source. Onychomycosis, which is a difficult-to-cure fungus infection of the nails that may cause discomfort and disfigurement, is induced primarily by prior development of athlete's foot—when the fungus infects areas between the toes and the skin on your feet. Typical treatments, primarily oral antifungals, take longer to see improvement and may cause several side effects, and traditional topical medications are usually not capable of penetrating the nail and eliminating the fungus. By soaking fungal infected nails in chlorine dioxide solution, chlorine dioxide can penetrate the nail plate and inactivate the pathogens residing in the nailbed, improve the appearance of the nails, destroy the fungal infection, and promote healthy nail growth.
Key features of CLo2
Effective at Killing all pathogens
- Eliminate viruses (including coronavirus), bacteria (including superbugs), and fungi (mold/mildew) & spores, slime algae, and some parasites
- Kill time for a bacterium is on the order of milliseconds
Quick removal of odors, allergens, nicotine, biofilms, algae, and organic wastes
- Hinder the growth of pathogens in wet environments
- Improve air quality for healthier living
- Eliminates formaldehyde, allergens, nicotine, and odors from your environment (air, water, object surfaces, etc.)
Safe on humans, pets, fish, and livestock
- A WHO designated 4th generation disinfectant
- US EPA, CDC, and FDA registered eco-friendly, highly efficacious disinfectant
- Non-carcinogenic, non-teratogenic, and non-mutagenic
- Non-corrosive to most treated articles and surfaces
A high efficacy and safe disinfectant recommended by
Chlorine Dioxide's Applications in Industrial Settings
What You Should Know
We're answering your frequently asked questions
First discovered in 1811 by Sir Humphrey Davy, chlorine dioxide is a selective (a feature of targeted oxidation) oxidant with low oxidation power. Therefore it’s allowed to be present at specific concentrations in drinking water. In addition, due to its strong oxidation capacity (gaining 5 elections) and rich in available chlorine, it is a high efficacy oxidant. Because of these unique properties, chlorine dioxide becomes a great general purpose disinfection choice against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and algae.
The chlorine dioxide molecule contains an unpaired electron and two reaction centers (chlorine and oxygen), resulting in properties different from those of other oxidants.
It is a disinfectant of high efficacy and safety with broad applications.
Chlorine dioxide is a synthetic, green-yellowish gas with a chlorine-like, irritating odor at room temperature. It is an unstable gas, not existing in nature, that dissociates into chlorine gas (Cl2), oxygen gas (O2) and heat. It can be photo-oxidized by sunlight. Chlorine dioxide turns into gas at 11°C (boiling point).
One of the most important properties of chlorine dioxide is its high water solubility, especially in cold water. It is approximately 10 times more soluble in water than chlorine. Chlorine dioxide does not hydrolyze when it enters water. It remains a dissolved gas in solution and retains its oxidative and biocidal properties.
Chlorine dioxide gas cannot be stored for too long because it slowly dissociates into chlorine and oxygen. It is rarely transported because of its explosiveness and instability and usually manufactured on site.
In a water solution, chlorine dioxide is very stable if the solution is protected from light and heat.
Chlorine dioxide has many applications:
- In the electronics industry to clean circuit boards
- In the oil industry to treat sulfides
- In the pulp and paper industry to bleach paper
- In the medical industry to sterilize medical equipment, air, surfaces, rooms and tools
- In the water industry to remove the taste, odor, color, phenol, iron and manganese.
As a disinfectant and biocide, it is mainly used in liquid form (water solution).
As an oxidant, chlorine dioxide is targeted where it is needed the most, i.e. “selective”. It quickly attacks the electron-rich centers of organic molecules such as organic sulphides compounds, secondary (R2NH) and tertiary (R3N) amines, phenol, and some other reactive organic substances such as Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It does not break carbon connections, aromatic cores, carboxylic structures, primary (RNH2) amines, urea and other substances.
Due to its high selectivity, less chlorine dioxide is required to disinfect pathogens. In comparison to chlorine and ozone, it's an active residual disinfectant.
Selectivity of ClO2 between humans and bacteria is based not on their different biochemistry, but on their different sizes.
Oxidation strength describes how strongly an oxidant reacts with an oxidizable substance. Ozone has the highest oxidation strength and reacts with every substance that can be oxidized. On the contrary, Chlorine dioxide is significantly weaker on oxidation strength.
Weak oxidation strength and high selectivity make chlorine dioxide a safe oxidant.
The oxidation capacity refers to how many electrons are transferred in an oxidation reaction. The chlorine atom in chlorine dioxide has an oxidation number of +4. After receiving 5 electrons, it is reduced to a stable chloride ion (Cl-).
Chlorine dioxide contains, mole for mole, 276% more available chlorine than sodium chlorite and 263 % more than chlorine, which makes it 2.5 times more oxidation capacity than chlorine.
A high oxidation capacity and rich in available chlorine make CLO2 have a high oxidative load against pathogens.
For chlorine dioxide, like ozone, the predominant oxidation reaction mechanism is a process known as free radical electrophilic (i.e. electron-attracting) abstraction. Chlorinating agents like chlorine or hypochlorite, in contrast, undergo oxidative substitution or addition reactions. This means that chlorinated organic compounds such as THMs and HAAs are not formed during oxidation with chlorine dioxide.
Unlike the ozonization of organic substances by ozone, chlorine dioxide does not produce significant amounts of organic substances such as aldehydes, ketones, ketone acids or other byproducts.
These are the reasons why chlorine dioxide has many industrial, municipal and residential applications such as sewage water disinfection, cooling tower water disinfection, industrial air treatment, food production and treatment, and sterilization of medical equipment.
The reaction process of chlorine dioxide with bacteria, viruses and other substances, takes place in two steps.
First, chlorine dioxide takes up an electron and reduces to chlorite ion:
ClO2 + e- = ClO2-
Secondly, the chlorite ion is oxidized and becomes a very stable chloride ion:
ClO2- + 4H+ + 4e- = Cl- + 2H2O
The final end-product of chlorine dioxide oxidation reactions is chloride (Cl-).
The reaction of chlorine dioxide with vital amino acids is one of the dominant processes in destroying bacteria and viruses. The oxidizable material within the cells and on the surface of cell membranes reacts with chlorine dioxide, causing disruption to cell metabolism. It also reacts directly with the amino acids and the RNA in the cell, which prevents the production of proteins.
The small pathogens are killed extremely fast, with the killing time for a bacterium is on the order of milliseconds in a 300 ppm ClO2 solution. A few minutes of contact time is quite enough to kill all bacteria with minimized cytotoxic effects to the living tissues.
- Chlorine dioxide disrupts the cell metabolism of the bacteria to destroy them, i.e. changing the cell membrane proteins and fat and penetrating the cell wall.
- Chlorine dioxide eliminates the viruses by reacting with peptone and preventing protein formation.
Since the electrophilic abstraction oxidation reaction without oxidative substitution or addition is independent of the reaction time or concentration, the required concentration of chlorine dioxide needed to effectively kill microorganisms is lower than those of non-oxidizing disinfectants.
Unlike non-oxidizing disinfectants, chlorine dioxide kills microorganisms even when they are inactive. Most microorganisms are unable to build up resistance to it because they are destroyed via the oxidative load placed on their cells by chlorine dioxide.
- Pathogens cannot build up resistance against chlorine dioxide.
Chlorine dioxide in an aqueous solution can penetrate the slime layers of bacteria. It oxidizes the polysaccharide matrix that keeps the bio film together and breaks the bio film, which allows it to act on the bacteria themselves. During this reaction, chlorine dioxide is reduced to chlorite ions (ClO2-). When the bio film starts to grow again, an acid environment is formed and the chlorite ions are transformed into chlorine dioxide, which removes the remaining bio film.
It is effective against spore-forming bacteria so it can be used against anthrax.
- Chlorine dioxide eliminates bio film, kills the bacteria associated with the bio film and prevents bio film formation like no other biocides.
Chlorine dioxide is effective against Giardia Lambia and Cryptosporidium parasites, which are found in drinking water and induce diseases like 'giardiasis' and 'cryptosporidiosis'.
Chlorine dioxide even kills a variety of parasites.
For the pre-oxidation and reduction of organic substances, between 0.5 and 2 ppm of chlorine dioxide is required at a contact time between 15 and 30 minutes. Water quality determines the required contact time.
For post-disinfection, concentrations between 0.2 and 0.4 ppm are applied. The residual byproduct concentration of chlorite is very low and there are no risks for human health.
The maximum chlorine dioxide concentration in the drinking water is 0.8ppm by EPA.
The more powerful the oxidant, the more harmful for living organisms. Chlorine dioxide is above oxygen but far below ozone in terms of its oxidation power. A fixed low concentration will therefore not result in any problems for fish or other living organisms. The combination of low oxidation strength, high oxidation capacity, and no harmful byproducts makes chlorine dioxide safe and easy to use in aquaculture.
Consistently applying low concentration chlorine dioxide will result in:
- less bacterial problems
- less water odor
- less biofilm and algae formed on walls and pipes
- better water quality
- more healthy fish
The maintenance dosage is suggested to be 0.01-0.04 ppm once a week.
You can dose 10ml - 30ml of 12,000 ppm (i.e. 0.012 – 0.036 ppm) or 40ml - 120 ml of 3,000 ppm stock solution per 10,000 liter or 2,600 Gal of water.
First-time-use dosage is suggested to be 0.1 - 0.15 ppm once every other day for 5 times in succession due to high level of bacteria and dissolved organic matters (DOM) in water. Afterwards, switch to maintenance dosage.
You can dose 100ml of 12,000 ppm (i.e. 0.12 ppm) or 400ml of 3,000 ppm stock solution per 10,000 liter or 2,600 Gal water.
Using chlorine dioxide to purify the fish pond water will maintain high water quality and active and healthy fish.
Chlorine dioxide is a great choice of disinfectant for swimming pools. It kills pathogens including bacteria, viruses and fungi in the water and stops algae from growing on the walls. It protects women from gynecologic diseases caused by different types of bacterial infections. For babies or people with sensitive skin, there will be much less irritation compared to chlorine, especially in a public swimming pool. Pink eye, or conjuctivitis, which is a viral or bacterial infection in the eye that is highly contagious, can be combatted by using chlorine dioxide. As a water purifier, it can also protect swimmers from being exposed to toxic nitrogenous (chloramines) or carcinogenic organic residuals (trihalomethanes) and HAAs.
The maintenance dosage of chlorine dioxide is suggested at: 0.1 - 0.2 ppm once a week.
You can dose 100ml of 12,000 ppm (i.e. 0.12 ppm) or 400ml of 3,000 ppm stock solution per 10,000 liter or 2,600 Gal water.
Summary: Using chlorine dioxide in swimming pool disinfection generates no harmful byproducts and protect swimmers from many diseases.
Oral malodor, common when waking up, can affect people of all ages. Longstanding oral malodor is usually caused by oral diseases. The most likely causes are the accumulation of food debris and dental bacterial plaque on the teeth and tongue from poor oral hygiene, gingivitis (gum inflammation) and periodontitis (gum disease). Adult periodontitis from accumulated plaque related to the loss of periodontal attachment can cause variable degrees of oral malodor. Aggressive periodontitis by rapid loss of the periodontal bone and resultant tooth mobility can cause intense oral malodor. Xerostomia (dryness of the mouth) and wearing dentures may also cause or enhance malodor.
For oral cleansing, it is suggested to gargle for 30 seconds with 1 ppm solution once a day.
You can use 10ml of 100 ppm (i.e. 1 ppm) or 3ml of 300 ppm stock solution per 1 liter of water.
Summary: Chlorine dioxide can be used as a mouthwash to minimize the oral bacterial and help prevent bad breath, dental plague, decayed tooth, gum disease and ulcer.
Onychomycosis is a fungus infection of the finger or toe nails which can be difficult to cure. A person usually has had athlete's foot for a long time prior to the development of onychomycosis. Human bodies allow the fungus to become established without an immune response to suppress the fungus. Antifungal compounds usually cannot penetrate the nail bed to kill the fungus at its source.
Soaking the fungal infected nails in the chlorine dioxide solution for a period of time, allowing it to penetrate the nail plate and inactivates pathogens residing in the nailbed, can help improve the appearance of the nail, destroy the fungal infection and promote healthy nail growth.
For eliminating the fungal infection, it is suggested to soak the infected nails in the solution of 100 ppm for 30-60 minutes once a day for a week.
Summary: Chlorine dioxide can kill fungi and help improve the fungus infected nails and athlete’s foot.
It can disinfect the water, remove bio film, and prevent biofilm formation in cooling towers. The removal of bio film prevents damage to and corrosion of equipment and piping. It is effective in removing Legionella in cooling towers, an ideal environment for Legionella growth.
Chlorine dioxide is great for killing Legionella, which can be fatal, in high humidity environments like cooling towers, spas, and warm springs.
Contrary to chlorine, chlorine dioxide is effective at a pH of between 3 and 10. Chlorine dioxide does not hydrolyze, so pH value does not affect its oxidation and disinfection capability. At the concentrations required for disinfection, chlorine dioxide is non-corrosive and non-irritating.
Chlorine dioxide solution is very effective but non-irritating or non-corrosive at low concentration.
Extra, extra! Read all about it!
Scientific journals, articles, and more resources to check out regarding chlorine dioxide & the latest developments in ClO2 knowledge and research as well as current nationwide health updates:
